Some Known and Some Approximate Dates:
| 3000 (at least) |
Egyptians cultivate Papyrus and produce scrolls |
In use until the 11th c. AD |
| 300 |
Use of Animal Skins, Parchment, Vellum |
Pergamon was a big parchment center and lent its name. Animal skins probably used much, much earlier. |
| 0 |
|
|
| 105 (possibly 100 to 200 years earlier) |
Chinese Invent Paper (bamboo, mulberry, and hemp) |
Paper and papermaking know-how travel the Silk Routes |
| 610 |
Paper made in Japan |
|
| 751 |
Samarkand becomes paper making center. Paper made from mulberry plants |
|
| 793 |
Paper made in Baghdad (made from hemp ropes) |
|
| 900 |
Paper made in Egypt and apparently recycled linen wraps of mummies |
|
| 1150 |
Moors introduce paper to Spain |
|
| 1200 – 1300 |
Paper Made in Italy (linen and hemp rags) |
Introduce watermarks and animal skin size |
| 1690 |
Hollander Machine Invented in Holland |
Speeds up paper making process. Cotton easily beaten with hollander. |
| 1757 |
Wove Paper invented by James Whatman in England |
Mesh wire cloth produces a paper without visible laid and chain lines. |
| 1844 |
Groundwood Pulp Process patented in Germany |
|
| 1870 |
Great expansion of wood paper mills |
|
Lascaux Cave, Det. Hall of the Bulls, France, c. 16,000 BC
Lascaux’s Caves with their earth colored images of cattle and stags; white-ground lekythoi with their spare and elegant mourning figures; the bronze mirrors of all over the ancient world, incised with contour or outline drawings are all beautiful examples of drawing, but not what we now commonly think of as drawings. When we think of drawings, we usually think of works on paper.
Inscription Painter. Attic 470-460 BC. Madrid Archeological Museum Inv. 19497. Photo by Marie-Lan Nguyen
The history of drawing and writing are closely linked. The very earliest writing is image based, drawn images give way to symbols and symbols to letters. The materials used in writing and in drawing are also mostly the same. Papyrus, parchment, paper, pen, brush, ink, paint are shared by writing and drawing.
The word paper comes from the word papyrus. Papyrus plants are aquatic and were cultivated along the Nile for their use as a support for writing (scrolls and later codices), as well as for building materials, sailcloth, fuel etc. The plant’s stem is made up of fibrous white interior which is easily cut into strips. Strips are fastened together by overlapping and pounding the damp pieces of papyrus to form sheets and then long scrolls. The more expensively produced scrolls would have had the papyrus buffed to a smooth finish, would have had carved wood and bone rollers, might have been illustrated, and maybe housed in protective boxes. Reading a scroll must be very much like scrolling on a computer. A couple of differences are that with scrolls one reads sideways, rather than longitudinally, and no “find” command. The Villa dei Papiri at Herculaneum, named because of the large library of papyrus scrolls found there, contained some 1,785 scrolls and is the only ancient library to remain intact (Vesuvius’ eruption in 79 AD insured that the scrolls were preserved, though carbonized). The Villa dei Papiri belonged to Lucius Calpurnius Piso Caesoninus, Julius Caesar’s father-in-law. The ancient world’s largest library was at Alexandria and had some 700,000 papyri.